History of Agriculture

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA8tZCrdPhkr884ZMfuDaCQaaPjh30DxXjzM31b8TGS_dPcEhyYVSQl6yBiPSrvnQN5sp1CVP8RWdRyZLrhuyQ8NZLrtgQdoMDiYX_o89LMHdh0zNC0g6CujOmqpbxikD3U6pjwg3X-bsA/s1600/nature-3526840_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The history of farming is the narrative of mankind's advancement and development of procedures for delivering sustenance, feed, fiber, fuel, and different products by the precise raising of plants and creatures. Before the improvement of plant development, people were seekers and gatherers. The information and ability of figuring out how to think about the dirt and development of plants propelled the advancement of human culture, enabling families and clans to remain in one area a great many generations. Archeological proof demonstrates that such advancements happened at least 10,000 years back. Due to farming, urban areas and in addition exchange relations between various districts and gatherings of individuals grew, additionally empowering the progression of human social orders and societies. Agribusiness has been a vital part of financial matters during the time preceding and after the Industrial Revolution. Supportable improvement of world sustenance supplies affects the long haul survival of the species, so care must be taken to guarantee that agrarian strategies stay in amicability with nature. It is happened somewhere in the range of 7,000 and 10,000 years’ back Proof proposes that water system initially showed up in Egypt and Mesopotamia in the 6th thousand years B.C. Different society started burrowing and repairing trench systems, which controlled the stream of waterways, for example, the Nile River in Egypt. Surges caused by the yearly immersion of the Nile would have had appalling impacts for antiquated agriculturists, washing endlessly dams and overwhelming fields. On the other hand, when the waters were low the land became scarce, murdering crops. The trench organizes in the end formed into advanced water system frameworks. The most established strategy for water system, which made utilization of man-made underground streams called Qantas, is as yet being utilized in parts of the Middle East. Amid the Bronze Age and the times that pursued, human advancements everywhere throughout the world bit by bit developed or gained propelled metalworking strategies, making ever-more grounded cultivating actualizes. People kept taming creatures and plants to fill in as sustenance sources or wellsprings of other valuable items. Amid the Middle Ages, European ranchers started utilizing complex water system frameworks, for example, dams, supplies, and water-raising machines. They additionally built up the three-field arrangement of yield revolution and the moldboard furrow. These innovations enormously expanded the proficiency of horticulture... Modern Era After 1492, a worldwide trade of beforehand neighborhood harvests and domesticated animal’s breeds happened. Enter crops engaged with this trade incorporated the tomato, maize, potato, cocoa and tobacco going from the New World to the Old, and a few assortments of wheat, flavors, espresso, and sugar stick going from the Old World to the New. The most critical creature exportations from the Old World to the New were those of the pony and canine (mutts were at that point present in the pre-Columbian Americas yet not in the numbers and breeds suited to cultivate work). In spite of the fact that not generally sustenance creatures, the steed (counting jackasses and horses) and puppy immediately filled fundamental generation jobs on western half of the globe ranches. By the mid 1800s, agrarian methods, executes, seed stocks and developed plants chose and given an extraordinary name due to its beautiful or valuable attributes had so enhanced that yield per arrive unit was ordinarily that found in the Middle Ages. With the quick ascent of motorization in the late nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years, especially as the tractor, cultivating undertakings should be possible with a speed and on a scale beforehand outlandish. These advances have prompted efficiencies empowering certain cutting edge cultivates in the United States, Argentina, Israel, Germany, and a couple of different countries to yield volumes of brilliant create per arrive unit at what might be as far as possible. The Haber-Bosch strategy for orchestrating ammonium nitrate spoke to a noteworthy leap forward and permitted trim respects beat past limitations. In the previous century agribusiness has been portrayed by upgraded efficiency, the substitution of work for manufactured composts and pesticides, specific rearing, motorization, water contamination, and ranch sponsorships. Lately there has been a reaction against the outside natural impacts of regular horticulture, bringing about the natural development. Rural investigation undertakings, since the late nineteenth century, have been mounted to discover new species and new horticultural practices in various regions of the world. Two early models of endeavors incorporate Frank N. Meyer's products of the soil gathering trek to China and Japan from 1916 - 1918 and the Dorsett-Morse Oriental Agricultural Exploration Expedition to China, Japan, and Korea from 1929 - 1931 to gather soybean germplasm to help the ascent in soybean horticulture in the United States. In 2005, the farming yield of China was the biggest on the planet, representing just about one-6th world offer pursued by the EU, India and the USA, as indicated by the International Monetary Fund. Market analysts measure the aggregate factor profitability of farming and by this measure agribusiness in the United States is about 2.6 times more beneficial than it was in 1948." border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA8tZCrdPhkr884ZMfuDaCQaaPjh30DxXjzM31b8TGS_dPcEhyYVSQl6yBiPSrvnQN5sp1CVP8RWdRyZLrhuyQ8NZLrtgQdoMDiYX_o89LMHdh0zNC0g6CujOmqpbxikD3U6pjwg3X-bsA/s640/nature-3526840_1920.jpg" title="The history of farming is the narrative of mankind's advancement and development of procedures for delivering sustenance, feed, fiber, fuel, and different products by the precise raising of plants and creatures. Before the improvement of plant development, people were seekers and gatherers. The information and ability of figuring out how to think about the dirt and development of plants propelled the advancement of human culture, enabling families and clans to remain in one area a great many generations. Archeological proof demonstrates that such advancements happened at least 10,000 years back. Due to farming, urban areas and in addition exchange relations between various districts and gatherings of individuals grew, additionally empowering the progression of human social orders and societies. Agribusiness has been a vital part of financial matters during the time preceding and after the Industrial Revolution. Supportable improvement of world sustenance supplies affects the long haul survival of the species, so care must be taken to guarantee that agrarian strategies stay in amicability with nature. It is happened somewhere in the range of 7,000 and 10,000 years’ back Proof proposes that water system initially showed up in Egypt and Mesopotamia in the 6th thousand years B.C. Different society started burrowing and repairing trench systems, which controlled the stream of waterways, for example, the Nile River in Egypt. Surges caused by the yearly immersion of the Nile would have had appalling impacts for antiquated agriculturists, washing endlessly dams and overwhelming fields. On the other hand, when the waters were low the land became scarce, murdering crops. The trench organizes in the end formed into advanced water system frameworks. The most established strategy for water system, which made utilization of man-made underground streams called Qantas, is as yet being utilized in parts of the Middle East. Amid the Bronze Age and the times that pursued, human advancements everywhere throughout the world bit by bit developed or gained propelled metalworking strategies, making ever-more grounded cultivating actualizes. People kept taming creatures and plants to fill in as sustenance sources or wellsprings of other valuable items. Amid the Middle Ages, European ranchers started utilizing complex water system frameworks, for example, dams, supplies, and water-raising machines. They additionally built up the three-field arrangement of yield revolution and the moldboard furrow. These innovations enormously expanded the proficiency of horticulture... Modern Era After 1492, a worldwide trade of beforehand neighborhood harvests and domesticated animal’s breeds happened. Enter crops engaged with this trade incorporated the tomato, maize, potato, cocoa and tobacco going from the New World to the Old, and a few assortments of wheat, flavors, espresso, and sugar stick going from the Old World to the New. The most critical creature exportations from the Old World to the New were those of the pony and canine (mutts were at that point present in the pre-Columbian Americas yet not in the numbers and breeds suited to cultivate work). In spite of the fact that not generally sustenance creatures, the steed (counting jackasses and horses) and puppy immediately filled fundamental generation jobs on western half of the globe ranches. By the mid 1800s, agrarian methods, executes, seed stocks and developed plants chose and given an extraordinary name due to its beautiful or valuable attributes had so enhanced that yield per arrive unit was ordinarily that found in the Middle Ages. With the quick ascent of motorization in the late nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years, especially as the tractor, cultivating undertakings should be possible with a speed and on a scale beforehand outlandish. These advances have prompted efficiencies empowering certain cutting edge cultivates in the United States, Argentina, Israel, Germany, and a couple of different countries to yield volumes of brilliant create per arrive unit at what might be as far as possible. The Haber-Bosch strategy for orchestrating ammonium nitrate spoke to a noteworthy leap forward and permitted trim respects beat past limitations. In the previous century agribusiness has been portrayed by upgraded efficiency, the substitution of work for manufactured composts and pesticides, specific rearing, motorization, water contamination, and ranch sponsorships. Lately there has been a reaction against the outside natural impacts of regular horticulture, bringing about the natural development. Rural investigation undertakings, since the late nineteenth century, have been mounted to discover new species and new horticultural practices in various regions of the world. Two early models of endeavors incorporate Frank N. Meyer's products of the soil gathering trek to China and Japan from 1916 - 1918 and the Dorsett-Morse Oriental Agricultural Exploration Expedition to China, Japan, and Korea from 1929 - 1931 to gather soybean germplasm to help the ascent in soybean horticulture in the United States. In 2005, the farming yield of China was the biggest on the planet, representing just about one-6th world offer pursued by the EU, India and the USA, as indicated by the International Monetary Fund. Market analysts measure the aggregate factor profitability of farming and by this measure agribusiness in the U" width="640" /></a></div> <h2 style="text-align: left;"> <br /></h2> <h2 style="text-align: left;"> History of Agriculture</h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> The history of farming is the narrative of mankind's advancement and development of procedures for delivering sustenance, feed, fiber, fuel, and different products by the precise raising of plants and creatures. Before the improvement of plant development, people were seekers and gatherers. The information and ability of figuring out how to think about the dirt and development of plants propelled the advancement of human culture, enabling families and clans to remain in one area a great many generations. Archeological proof demonstrates that such advancements happened at least 10,000 years back. Due to farming, urban areas and in addition exchange relations between various districts and gatherings of individuals grew, additionally empowering the progression of human social orders and societies. Agribusiness has been a vital part of financial matters during the time preceding and after the Industrial Revolution. Supportable improvement of world sustenance supplies affects the long haul survival of the species, so care must be taken to guarantee that agrarian strategies stay in amicability with nature.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> It is happened somewhere in the range of 7,000 and 10,000 years’ back<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Proof proposes that water system initially showed up in Egypt and Mesopotamia in the 6th thousand years B.C. Different society started burrowing and repairing trench systems, which controlled the stream of waterways, for example, the Nile River in Egypt. Surges caused by the yearly immersion of the Nile would have had appalling impacts for antiquated agriculturists, washing endlessly dams and overwhelming fields. On the other hand, when the waters were low the land became scarce, murdering crops. The trench organizes in the end formed into advanced water system frameworks. The most established strategy for water system, which made utilization of man-made underground streams called Qantas, is as yet being utilized in parts of the Middle East. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Amid the Bronze Age and the times that pursued, human advancements everywhere throughout the world bit by bit developed or gained propelled metalworking strategies, making ever-more grounded cultivating actualizes. People kept taming creatures and plants to fill in as sustenance sources or wellsprings of other valuable items. Amid the Middle Ages, European ranchers started utilizing complex water system frameworks, for example, dams, supplies, and water-raising machines. They additionally built up the three-field arrangement of yield revolution and the moldboard furrow. These innovations enormously expanded the proficiency of horticulture...<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="background: white; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 107%;">Modern Era<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> After 1492, a worldwide trade of beforehand neighborhood harvests and domesticated animal’s breeds happened. Enter crops engaged with this trade incorporated the tomato, maize, potato, cocoa and tobacco going from the New World to the Old, and a few assortments of wheat, flavors, espresso, and sugar stick going from the Old World to the New. The most critical creature exportations from the Old World to the New were those of the pony and canine (mutts were at that point present in the pre-Columbian Americas yet not in the numbers and breeds suited to cultivate work). In spite of the fact that not generally sustenance creatures, the steed (counting jackasses and horses) and puppy immediately filled fundamental generation jobs on western half of the globe ranches. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> By the mid 1800s, agrarian methods, executes, seed stocks and developed plants chose and given an extraordinary name due to its beautiful or valuable attributes had so enhanced that yield per arrive unit was ordinarily that found in the Middle Ages. With the quick ascent of motorization in the late nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years, especially as the tractor, cultivating undertakings should be possible with a speed and on a scale beforehand outlandish. These advances have prompted efficiencies empowering certain cutting edge cultivates in the United States, Argentina, Israel, Germany, and a couple of different countries to yield volumes of brilliant create per arrive unit at what might be as far as possible. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> The Haber-Bosch strategy for orchestrating ammonium nitrate spoke to a noteworthy leap forward and permitted trim respects beat past limitations. In the previous century agribusiness has been portrayed by upgraded efficiency, the substitution of work for manufactured composts and pesticides, specific rearing, motorization, water contamination, and ranch sponsorships. Lately there has been a reaction against the outside natural impacts of regular horticulture, bringing about the natural development. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Rural investigation undertakings, since the late nineteenth century, have been mounted to discover new species and new horticultural practices in various regions of the world. Two early models of endeavors incorporate Frank N. Meyer's products of the soil gathering trek to China and Japan from 1916 - 1918 and the Dorsett-Morse Oriental Agricultural Exploration Expedition to China, Japan, and Korea from 1929 - 1931 to gather soybean germplasm to help the ascent in soybean horticulture in the United States. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> In 2005, the farming yield of China was the biggest on the planet, representing just about one-6th world offer pursued by the EU, India and the USA, as indicated by the International Monetary Fund. Market analysts measure the aggregate factor profitability of farming and by this measure agribusiness in the United States is about 2.6 times more beneficial than it was in 1948.<o:p></o:p></div> </div>

History of Agriculture

History of Agriculture The history of farming is the narrative of mankind's advancement and development of procedures for delive...

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Determination of Soil Organic Matter by Walkley Method

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB4QAR3V5IfQb5owXF0lqs0Fiw1dktum0Wqc2IkKTgBmuLXMihjqw0UUzdlbJtC2C0NLRhmpc3Lyd-CdgD0xZtbGtgZsIHZljuKgyoz5L3U7oB-t8xfp_D4x0CfkH2s4sdk8RJR3Nl-0xi/s1600/soil-766281_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Determination of Soil Organic Matter by Walkley Method" border="0" data-original-height="1064" data-original-width="1600" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB4QAR3V5IfQb5owXF0lqs0Fiw1dktum0Wqc2IkKTgBmuLXMihjqw0UUzdlbJtC2C0NLRhmpc3Lyd-CdgD0xZtbGtgZsIHZljuKgyoz5L3U7oB-t8xfp_D4x0CfkH2s4sdk8RJR3Nl-0xi/s640/soil-766281_1920.jpg" title="Determination of Soil Organic Matter by Walkley Method" width="640" /></a></div> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></h2> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US">Determination of soil organic matter (By wet method)</span></b></h2> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Organic matter</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Remains of plants (roots, leaves and shoots) and dead animals and decay of animal products can build organic residues 9in soil.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Soil organic matter can have determined by soil organic kits and wet chromate method (Walkley, 1947). Soil organic matter gives you rough values. Soil cannot be used at present time. In humid regions the organic carbon is an indicator of % organic matter in soil. In humid region the organic carbon is high and at the same time in dry areas organic carbon iv low as compared to the humid region.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">If organic carbon is greater or equal than 50% then it is muck soil and if the organic carbon is greater or equal than 20% then the soil is peat soil. In Pakistan the organic carbon is less than 1%.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Principle</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">This method involves or relies upon oxidation of potassium dichromate by organic compound and remaining reduced from K2Cr2O7 can further undergo oxidation reduction by ferrous sulphate titration.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Apparatus</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Dispenser, pipette, burette, magnet stirrer, Teflon, capped stirrer.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Reagents</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">1 N of K2Cr2O7</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">0.5 M FeSO4 + 5 ml concentrated sulfuric acid</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Concentrated H2SO4 (98% pure specific gravity of 1.84 w/w)</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Diphenyl-amine indicator (1g of diphenylamine in100 ml of concentrated H2SO4). Don’t make indicator in water.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Procedure</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">1g air dry soil in 500ml beaker.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">10ml K2Cr2O7 in it by pipette.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Add 20ml concentrated H2SO4 with the help of dispenser and then add 10ml H3PO4 by dispenser.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Wait for at least 10 minute.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Now add 200 ml DI water.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Add 10-15 drops od diphenyl indicator.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Now titrate the solution with 0.5 M feslous sulphate until you don’t get green colour.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Always use two blanks samples for measurements of soil organic matter.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Further these blanks samples must undergo the same procedure expect the addition of soil.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Calculation</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span lang="EN-US">M</span></b><span lang="EN-US">= 10<b>/</b> volume of blank sample</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span lang="EN-US">% oxidizable carbon (w/w)</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> =V (blank sample)<b> -- </b>V (sample)</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span lang="EN-US">% oxidizable organic matter</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> = 1.334<b> x</b> %oxid<a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/3/null" name="_GoBack"></a>izable carbon</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span lang="EN-US">% Total oxidized soil organic matter</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> = 1.74 <b>x</b>oxidizable organic matter</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div>

Determination of Soil Organic Matter by Walkley Method

Determination of soil organic matter (By wet method) Organic matter Remains of plants (roots, leaves and shoots) and dead animals a...

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Five Kingdom Classification System-Biology

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGUp2lwq0EtEIXlaraO5IiXRi_zhCvUzmJ9HNRO58sqiAUj9r4702eX8537XysAECnmw7l68qYrD7mLpiC8XiAyJQvpcnVlgJ7hRMiNdg7beDBAZhH2zqEe2CdjbvJeWZZhdFSZEvH5oas/s1600/bumblebee-gas-3517375_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Five Kingdom Classification System-Biology" border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGUp2lwq0EtEIXlaraO5IiXRi_zhCvUzmJ9HNRO58sqiAUj9r4702eX8537XysAECnmw7l68qYrD7mLpiC8XiAyJQvpcnVlgJ7hRMiNdg7beDBAZhH2zqEe2CdjbvJeWZZhdFSZEvH5oas/s640/bumblebee-gas-3517375_1920.jpg" title="Five Kingdom Classification System-Biology" width="640" /></a></div> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></h2> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US">THE FIVE KINGDOM</span></b></h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">The general characteristics of the five kingdom are as follow;</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Kingdom Monera</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">This kingdom includes the prokaryotic organisms i.e. they are made of prokaryotic cells. monerans are unicellular organisms. Although some types form chains, colonies or clusters of cells prokaryotic cells are radically different from eukaryotic cells. In this kingdom the nuclear envelope is absent and in cell wall there is no cellulose and their mode of nutrition is autotroph or heterotroph and multi-cellularity is absent. In this kingdom there are two different kinds of organisms i.e. bacteria and cyanobacteria most are hetero trophic but some perform photosynthesis. This is the first kingdom in the five kingdom system in which bacteria is involved.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Kingdom Protista</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">This kingdom includes eukaryotic unicellular and simple multicellular organisms. There are three main types of protists.in this kingdom the nuclear envelope is present; cell wall is present in some forms various types. Mode of nutrition is combination and photosynthesis and multi-cellularity is absent in most forms.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li><b><span lang="EN-US">Algae</span></b></li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Algae are unicellular simple multicellular or colonial. They are similar to the plant cells with cell walls and chlorophyll in chloroplasts. In this simple multicellular means that they donot have multicellular sex organs and do not form embryos during their life cycle.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li><b><span lang="EN-US">Protozoans</span></b></li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">They are like animals whose cells are like animal cells because of lack of chlorophyll and cell walls in their cells.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li><b><span lang="EN-US">fungi-like</span></b></li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Some protists are fungi-like</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Kingdom Fungi</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">It includes eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs which are absorptive in their nutritional mode. The main example is mushrooms. In this kingdom the nuclear envelope is present and cell wall is chitin and in this mode of nutrition is absorptive heterotroph and multi-cellularity is present in most form. Most fungi are decomposers. They live on organic material, secrete digestive enzymes and absorb small organic molecules formed by digestion by enzymes.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Kingdom Plantae</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US"> It includes eukaryotic multicellular autotrophs. Plants are autotropic in their nutritional mode. In this kingdom the plants making their own food by photosynthesis.in this the nuclear envelope is present and cell wall there are cellulose and other polysaccharides and in mode of nutrition is photosynthesis process and multi-cellularity is present in all forms. They have multicellular sex organs and form embryos during their life cycles. Mosses ferns and flowering plants are included in this kingdom.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Kingdom Animalia</span></b></h3> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">It includes eukaryotic multicellular consumers. Animals live mostly by ingesting food and digesting it within specializedcavities. the nuclear envelope is present and cell wall is absent and mode of nutrition is ingestive heterotroph. The multi-cellularity is present in all forms. These <a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/3/null" name="_GoBack"></a>organisms show movement.</span></div>

Five Kingdom Classification System-Biology

THE FIVE KINGDOM The general characteristics of the five kingdom are as follow; Kingdom Monera This kingdom includes the prokaryo...

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Fungi Characteristics its Effects & Morphology

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpSqWOTc42b-0DKHznu7hQ3tiheAxl8e0-sX-ZYOMVIhqpwdGYtY2rCQ3e0HId5HJj_OdBAQthbxVnZi1YRf-viweCNKJmi0jydNU767vANsciE-IfGlt7PsilZfChL9qIwrt3C7tRQx7_/s1600/fly-21685_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Fungi Characteristics its Effects & Morphology" border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpSqWOTc42b-0DKHznu7hQ3tiheAxl8e0-sX-ZYOMVIhqpwdGYtY2rCQ3e0HId5HJj_OdBAQthbxVnZi1YRf-viweCNKJmi0jydNU767vANsciE-IfGlt7PsilZfChL9qIwrt3C7tRQx7_/s640/fly-21685_1920.jpg" title="Fungi Characteristics its Effects & Morphology" width="640" /></a></div> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></h2> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US">Fungi</span></b></h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Fungi are small, microscopic, usually filamentous, achlorophyllous, branched, spore bearing organisms that have cell wall. Fungi do not have any nucleus that why they are eukaryotic. And like in plant cell their cell also has cell wall. They have their own kingdom in five kingdom system, “the kingdom fungi”. In fungi the nuclear envelope is present.The cell wall in fungi is chitin. Their mode of nutrition is absorptive heterotroph. In fungi the multi-cellularity is present in most form. Most fungi are decomposers. They live on organic material, secrete digestive enzymes and absorb small organic molecules formed by digestion by enzymes. And all the characteristics is present which is related to the kingdom fungi. The biggest example of fungi is mushroom. The fungi may be useful and harmful. Some of the fungi is eatable and human use in their meal,Like mushroom.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Characteristics of Fungi:</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Fungi may be unicellular such as yeast or multicellular such as hyphae.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Fungi live as parasites or saprophytes i.e. they absorb nutrients from other living or dead organisms.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Cell wall is similar in structure to plants but differ in chemical composition. Fungi cell walls are composed of mostly of chitin and plant cell walls are composed mostly of cellulose. Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced sexually or asexually.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Effects of Fungi:</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">The effects of fungi are useful as well as harmful as given below;</span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">Useful Effects:</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Some fungi are edible like mushrooms.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Fungi decompose dead organic matter.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Fungi are used in fermentation process like to make bread rise, to ferment vine and used in formation f cheese.</span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">Harmful Effects:</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Some fungi are pathogenic to humans and animals and cause fungal infections and allergies.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Fungi produce toxins such as ergot alkaloids and aflatoxins.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Some fungi release toxic chemicals called mycotoxins that can result in poisoning or death.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Various fungi can also cause serious damage to harvested fruits, vegetables and other crops.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Morphology of Fungi:</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Fungi can be divided into two basic morphological forms;</span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">Unicellular Fungi</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span lang="EN-US">Yeast</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> are unicellular fungi which reproduce asexually by budding or fission.</span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">Multicellular fungi</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span lang="EN-US">Hyphae </span></b><span lang="EN-US">are multi-cellular fungi which reproduce asexually and sexually.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/3/null" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div>

Fungi Characteristics its Effects & Morphology

Fungi Fungi are small, microscopic, usually filamentous, achlorophyllous, branched, spore bearing organisms that have cell wall. Fung...

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Life cycle of Aedes mosquito and prevention

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7DH42UsbnpNHfuDDA6yI_zkkNBR4O3W5UK3lPHiQJby4xOuiXnMk5OPMdVTU2c0lYAQsQ_7o_UcrSDR54z-mYJst-VvYr1Oz1sKmDdYcdRW_NmmmpLhPLzDUc5zV7X2up6g-NhXk3v859/s1600/fumigation-2772381.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="life cycle of aedes mosquito life cycle of aedes mosquito video life cycle of aedes aegypti mosquito ppt life cycle of aedes aegypti mosquito pdf life cycle of dengue mosquito aedes aegypti describe the life cycle of the aedes aegypti mosquito stages in the life cycle of the aedes aegypti mosquito life cycle of aedes aegypti mosquito life cycle of a aedes mosquito labelled diagram of the life cycle of a aedes aegypti mosquito life cycle of aedes aegypti mosquitoes life cycle of the aedes mosquitoaedes mosquito prevention prevention of aedes mosquito breeding aedes mosquito bite prevention aedes aegypti mosquito prevention aedes aegypti prevention and control prevention of aedes mosquito" border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7DH42UsbnpNHfuDDA6yI_zkkNBR4O3W5UK3lPHiQJby4xOuiXnMk5OPMdVTU2c0lYAQsQ_7o_UcrSDR54z-mYJst-VvYr1Oz1sKmDdYcdRW_NmmmpLhPLzDUc5zV7X2up6g-NhXk3v859/s640/fumigation-2772381.jpg" title="Life cycle of Aedes mosquito and prevention" width="640" /></a></div> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></h2> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US">Life cycle of Aedes mosquito</span></b></h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">A comparison between the two species of mosquito are given below;</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li><b><span lang="EN-US">EGGS</span></b></li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Female Aedes lay eggs, after having blood meal, in clean standing water. These eggs are black in colour, oblong in shape and are laid singly. Their number ranges from 50-300, depending upon the humidity and temperature.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Eggs of female Anopheles mosquito are oval in shape, laid singly on the surface of water.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li><b><span lang="EN-US">Larvae</span></b></li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">In Aedes, larvae come out of the eggs after an incubation of 2-7 days which having vertically with siphon or breathing tube touching water surface. They move actively from top to bottom and feed on vegetation and larvae of other insects.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">In Anopheles, the larvae rest parallel to the surface of water. They don’t have breathing tube, but have pores on body for breathing.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li><b><span lang="EN-US">Pupa</span></b></li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">In Aedes the larva feeds, grow rapidly and casts its skin four times and become pupa. The pupa is comma shaped and elongated narrow, curved, segmented abdomen.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li><b><span lang="EN-US">Adult</span></b></li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">After one or two days, outer converting of the pupa splits in the mid dorsal line and the young mosquito emerges, which after drying its wings flies away. Adult rest with body parallel.it usually bites at dawn and dusk.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Breeding sites</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Aedes mosquitoes breed in clean water which may accumulates in natural or artificially. The water is in the rest form. It may be tube, tires and in water cooler.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Preventive and control</span></b></h3> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">At personal level</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">By wearing clothes that fully cover the skin</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Use mosquito net and spray</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Apply mosquito repellents</span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">At household level</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Controlled spray in every part of house, under furniture and dark corner.</span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">At community level</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">The surroundings of house should be kept clean. Make sure there is no standing clean water in the house or in the society. Sarpy the mosquito reseller every year in the society.</span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">Biological control</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">The use of chemicals effects the environment</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Many birds prey on mosquitoes.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Wall lizards, jumping spider destroy many mosquitoes</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Fish are natural redactor of mosquito larvae in ponds </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">larvae of other insect also feed on larvae of mosquito.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Patient management</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Complete ret should be advise to the patient. </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Family doctor should be consulted, through is no specific medication.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Initial paracetamol should be taken to control fever. Any person who is having fever for 3 or more days should be consult a doctor.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">If a patient feels worse he or she should be immediately shifted to the hospital.</span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div>

Life cycle of Aedes mosquito and prevention

Life cycle of Aedes mosquito A comparison between the two species of mosquito are given below; EGGS Female Aedes lay eggs, aft...

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Dengue Fever -Types & Symptoms

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu9M4c3S4ZNXYG3MCxuAhBsRi3yanNUHOKlvI34VAFLYqRa9_NMFUuPK_8vU17AIjD3B_cLuZAiTS3L4wJ9J5_1BkjctTCCobZUGzC-JE1ZyC33pHbc7WJop3TbgRMHnHT088ybim5iHWB/s1600/mosquito-542156_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dengue Fever -Types & Symptoms" border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="1600" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu9M4c3S4ZNXYG3MCxuAhBsRi3yanNUHOKlvI34VAFLYqRa9_NMFUuPK_8vU17AIjD3B_cLuZAiTS3L4wJ9J5_1BkjctTCCobZUGzC-JE1ZyC33pHbc7WJop3TbgRMHnHT088ybim5iHWB/s640/mosquito-542156_1920.jpg" title="Dengue Fever -Types & Symptoms" width="640" /></a></div> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></h2> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US">Dengue</span></b></h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Dengue fever is an infectious disease transmitted by mosquito and caused by any of four related dengue viruses. It is also called “break down fever” because it may cause many joint and muscle pain. It is transmitted by female Aedes mosquito. Since no vaccine is available, prevention is best option. </span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Occurrence</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Dengue was geographically restricted until the middle of 20^th century. It was relatively the minor disease. During the 2^nd word war, Aedes mosquitoes were transported all over the world with cargo and played very critical role in the world. It was first documented in 1950’s during epidemics in Philippines and Thailand. WHO has estimated that 50-100 million infection every year. </span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Symptoms</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">After an infected mosquito bit, incubation period of 4-7 days is required before symptoms appear in the patient. Different dengue fever has different symptoms.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Types of dengue fever</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">These include:</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <ol> <li>Asymptomatic fever</li> <li>Dengue fever</li> <li>Dengue Haemorrhagic fever</li> <li>Dengue shock syndrome</li> </ol> <br /> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">Asymptomatic fever</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">This is a type of fever which represents flu-like symptoms with mild fever.</span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">Dengue fever</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">The temperature rises above 102* F with severe headache, backache, pain at back of the eyes and joints, with nausea and vomiting.</span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">Dengue Haemorrhagic fever</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">It occurs less than 5% of patients. This is accompanied by extensive leakage of plasma. Very few causes show bleeding from nose, gums and rashes on the skin. There may be decrease in heart rate, weak pulse and cool extremities. There <a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/3/null" name="_GoBack"></a>are rapid decreases in WBCs.</span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">Dengue shock syndrome</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">When a dengue patient experiences shock, he has dengue shock syndrome. Both DHF and DSS patients need strict hospital monitoring and care.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosis</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Complete blood count showing total number of RBCs, WBCs and platelets per unit volume of blood is basic diagnostic test.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Dengue virus</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">There are four types of viruses, DEN-1, Den-2, DEN-3, DEN-4which is called its serotypes.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li><b><span lang="EN-US">In humans</span></b></li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">When infected female Aedes mosquito bites for a blood meal. It multiplies in body cells such as WBCs and symptoms appears after 4-7 days.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li><b><span lang="EN-US">In mosquito</span></b></li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">When female Aedes bile the patient, it acquires virus. It multiply in the body of mosquito. The virus doesn’t cause any diseases in mosquito. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Dengue vector</span></b></h3> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">The carrier of dengue virus inn Aedes mosquito. It is black and dark brown in colour (up to 10 mm in size) with white spots on body and legs. Only female can bite human as its mouth parts are designed for this purpose. This female mosquito need to suck blood to lay eggs. </span></div>

Dengue Fever -Types & Symptoms

Dengue Dengue fever is an infectious disease transmitted by mosquito and caused by any of four related dengue viruses. It is also cal...

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Human Heart Structure & Parts

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDsT4FupVdrRXlmO5Wvu_AXA6UN_b5o7lgwBsWvV-LniqMrQUfJ8pQBwsfaT8-EK4oKHJtE86EP9vU1gDRFwF3KiOqyTt8__vKMpuIRONB0zh-khK6E9suHPwfvTBvGu94kmZnoDupzPdI/s1600/heart-2607178_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Human Heart Structure & Parts" border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="1600" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDsT4FupVdrRXlmO5Wvu_AXA6UN_b5o7lgwBsWvV-LniqMrQUfJ8pQBwsfaT8-EK4oKHJtE86EP9vU1gDRFwF3KiOqyTt8__vKMpuIRONB0zh-khK6E9suHPwfvTBvGu94kmZnoDupzPdI/s640/heart-2607178_1920.jpg" title="Human Heart Structure & Parts" width="640" /></a></div> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></h2> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US">Human heart</span></b></h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Heart is the muscular organ responsible for pumping of blood in all over the body of human being through blood vessels by repeated contraction of human heart. </span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Structure </span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Heart is located in the chest cavity. It is enclosed in a double membranous sac which is called <b>pericardial cavity.</b> The pericardial cavity contain the fluid called <b>pericardial fluid</b>, between pericardium and heart wall. The pericardial fluid protects the heart from friction because when heart contract or extract the friction is produced. The term cardiac means “related to the heart”. The bulk of the walls of heart chambers is made of <b>cardiac muscle</b>.in human body heart is situated between lungs in the middle of chest cavity. The human usually felt that the heart is to be on the left side. Because left chamber of heart i.e. left ventricle is stronger and slightly bigger then the right chamber of heart.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Human heart consist of four chambers, like other animals. the upper thin walled chambers are called left and right <b>atria.</b> And lower thick walled chambers are called left and right <b>ventricles.</b> Human hearty work as a double pump because it receives deoxygenated blood from body and pumps it to lungs. At the same time, it receives oxygenated blood from lungs and pump it to all part of body.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">The wall of the heart is composed of three layers</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <ol> <li>Epicardium</li> <li>Myocardium</li> <li>Endocardium</li> </ol> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Myocardium of the heart is made up of special type of muscles, the cardiac muscles. These muscles contain myofibrils and myofilaments of myosin and actin. Their arrangement is similar to those in skeletal muscle fibers and their mechanism of contraction is essential the same, except that they are branched cells, in which the successive cells are separated by junctions called intercalated discs.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Parts of Heart</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <ol> <li>There are following parts of human heart;</li> <li>Aorta</li> <li>Superior vena cava</li> <li>Pulmonary artery (to right lung)</li> <li>Pulmonary <a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/3/null" name="_GoBack"></a>veins (from right lung)</li> <li>Right atrium</li> <li>Atrioventricular valve(tricuspid)</li> <li>Inferior vena cava</li> <li>Right ventricle</li> <li>Descending aorta (to lower body)</li> <li>Heart muscle</li> <li>Ventricular septum</li> <li>Left ventricle</li> <li>Atrioventricular valve(bicuspid)</li> <li>Pulmonary veins (from left lung)</li> <li>Semilunar valves</li> <li>Left atrium</li> <li>Pulmonary artery (to left lung)</li> </ol> <br />

Human Heart Structure & Parts

Human heart Heart is the muscular organ responsible for pumping of blood in all over the body of human being through blood vessels by...

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Human Blood Circulatory System-Arterial &Venous System

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsEB9yYrpEo5tWZr7kyCGcAwlRuSOFBADD5RHoIXNtyZrG2Gxx8Rmr7DerVp3Z64e2jrBG75QzAjqqRgHifMEHCz3MBb6BreXmzaDXnBR4AE3MjL6mwUgopSlo-0ioClRiRPIu5fbBwXr5/s1600/human-body-311864_1280.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Human Blood Circulatory System-Arterial &Venous System" border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="640" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsEB9yYrpEo5tWZr7kyCGcAwlRuSOFBADD5RHoIXNtyZrG2Gxx8Rmr7DerVp3Z64e2jrBG75QzAjqqRgHifMEHCz3MBb6BreXmzaDXnBR4AE3MjL6mwUgopSlo-0ioClRiRPIu5fbBwXr5/s640/human-body-311864_1280.png" title="Human Blood Circulatory System-Arterial &Venous System" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US">Human Blood Circulatory System</span></b></h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Many scientist and biologists worked for discovering the facts about the circulation of blood in the human body. Ibn-e-Nafees is honored as the first scientist who described the pathway of blood in human body first time ever in the history and William Harvey discovered the pumping action of heart and the pathway of blood in major arteries and veins. They are two scientists who work hard on the blood circulation of human body.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Arterial System</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Large <b>pulmonary trunk</b> emerges from right ventricles and divides into right and left pulmonary arteries. These arteries carry the deoxygenated blood to right and left lungs. Through the heart chambers are continually bathed with blood, this does not nourish heart muscles. The oxygenated blood leaving the left ventricle of heart is carried in a large artery i.e. <b>aorta</b>. It ascends and forms an aortic arch. The arch cures left and descends inferiorly into body. The blood supply to heart muscles is provided by coronary arteries, which emerge from the base of aorta. Heart muscles are drained by coronary veins, which empty into right atrium. Coronary arteries and veins are collectively called coronary circulation and it is a part of systemic circulation.</span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">Types of artery</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <ul> <li>Artery to head region</li> <li>Aortic arch pulmonary artery</li> <li>Dorsal aorta</li> <li>Artery to arm</li> <li>Hepatic artery</li> <li>Renal artery</li> <li>Mesenteric arteries</li> <li>Lilac artery</li> <li>Femoral artery</li> </ul> </blockquote> <br /> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Venous System</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Veins from lungs called pulmonary veins.it return the oxygenated blood to the left atrium of heart. Two major veins are in the human body i.e. <b>superior vena cava</b> and <b>inferior vena cava. </b>Which carry deoxygenated blood from rest of the body and empty into right atrium. Veins carrying blood from calf, foot and knee join together to form <b>femoral vein</b>.Superior vena cava form when different veins from head, shoulders and arms join together. From legs, the deoxygenated blood is returned to heart by many veins which empty into Inferior vena cava<a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/3/null" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <h4> <span lang="EN-US"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US">Types of veins</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <ul> <li>Vein from head region</li> <li>Superior vena cava</li> <li>Vein from arm</li> <li>Pulmonary vein</li> <li>Inferior vena cava</li> <li>Hepatic portal vein</li> <li>Celiac vein</li> <li>Renal vein</li> <li>Lilac vein</li> <li>Femoral vein</li> </ul> <br />

Human Blood Circulatory System-Arterial &Venous System

Human Blood Circulatory System Many scientist and biologists worked for discovering the facts about the circulation of blood in the h...

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Conservation of Biodiversity

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifrFgrc7SibwE8yB3bvfKSg8VkS3yTnk-ZWTJQanxHm_wXcTkWj50K6LpSSzgqm_kvB6ynBE0LlX8uI90uy4J_GWnNxVwCGidutMDaJIARTDClEwryXnV4ZUXRvzCIQT6L0_cnRrPCj5ho/s1600/markhor-2613477_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Conservation of Biodiversity " border="0" data-original-height="1062" data-original-width="1600" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifrFgrc7SibwE8yB3bvfKSg8VkS3yTnk-ZWTJQanxHm_wXcTkWj50K6LpSSzgqm_kvB6ynBE0LlX8uI90uy4J_GWnNxVwCGidutMDaJIARTDClEwryXnV4ZUXRvzCIQT6L0_cnRrPCj5ho/s640/markhor-2613477_1920.jpg" title="Conservation of Biodiversity " width="640" /></a></div> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></h2> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US">Conservation of Biodiversity</span></b></h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">The threat to biodiversity is the hot topics discussed at the UN World summits. It’s become a global concern. Many biologists urge the national police makers to state a set of rules and regulation necessary to protect a species. Every person who love from biodiversity demand the new and powerful laws for define species which are threatened by extinction and must be protected.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Pakistan is rich in biodiversity and is famous in all over the world. But in last few years Pakistan is also faces many threats to its animals and plants species. Loss of natural habitats is the greatest concern now these days in Pakistan.  Human population is increase Day by day because of very high birth rate in country and Pakistan do nothing at this hot topic. In addition, low in literacy rate is also a reason for the failure of conservation measures taken so far. The <b>IUCN & WWF-P </b>work close coordination with Pakistan ministry of environment and other government and non-government institutions. The IUCN has prepared the first national red list.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Following are the few examples of environmental work to conserve the species,</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">National conservation strategy</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US"> In 1980s IUCN and Pakistan government formulated the NCS, for the conservation of Pakistan’s biodiversity.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">UN convention on combating desertification</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">It is international treaty against damage and poverty drylands. Pakistan signed this in 1997.</span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">Himalayan Jungle Project</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">It is started in 1991 in Palas Valley in KP. It aimed to protect the one of the richest area of biodiversity.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Northern Area Conservation Project</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">The northern areas of Pakistan are rich in habitat of wildlife species. It bans on the hunting in these areas.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Conservation of biodiversity of Suleiman range, Baluchistan</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Suleiman Range Chilghoza Forest is the largest Chilghoza forest in the world. In 1992, The WWF-p started its conservation program.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Conservation of Migrated birds in chitral, KP</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Chitral lies is the route of many important bird species these birds face pressure of heavy hunting. WWF-P start to reduce the hunting in 1992 and it proved successful.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Ban on games</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US"> Foreign visit the northern areas and play games in which bears are used. WWF-p has been successful in imposing ban on illegal practice.</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US"> Conservation of Chiltan Markhor</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Hazaraganji<a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/3/null" name="_GoBack"></a>National Park is located close to Quetta and is the only remaining habitat of Chiltan Markhor in country. WWF-p manage plan for this park</span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div>

Conservation of Biodiversity

Conservation of Biodiversity The threat to biodiversity is the hot topics discussed at the UN World summits. It’s become a global con...

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Factor Affecting the rate of Transpiration

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqY3siaddgrkLh6sC_Y3pylgCM64TCwc2N_ydh6iHZ0Bon8bnG9lyWRkCpIDwHSbkpYOZOT6HNdk3KE4RNDP3wWyjjxVAcz14G8VL4T4ATKGnY6xO6gBQ7zVUlJOiPi78X8bhkFyY9g3FW/s1600/water-2986837_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Factor Affecting the rate of Transpiration" border="0" data-original-height="882" data-original-width="1600" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqY3siaddgrkLh6sC_Y3pylgCM64TCwc2N_ydh6iHZ0Bon8bnG9lyWRkCpIDwHSbkpYOZOT6HNdk3KE4RNDP3wWyjjxVAcz14G8VL4T4ATKGnY6xO6gBQ7zVUlJOiPi78X8bhkFyY9g3FW/s640/water-2986837_1920.jpg" title="Factor Affecting the rate of Transpiration" width="640" /></a></div> <h2> <span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></h2> <h2> <span lang="EN-US">Factor Affecting the rate of T<a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/3/null" name="_GoBack"></a>ranspiration</span></h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">As you know the transpiration of plants is occurred through stomata present in the leaves of a plants. So the rate of transpiration of the plant is directly or indirectly controlled by the opening and cl9osing of stomata and it is occurring under the influence of light. The rate of transpiration is slow or none at dim or absence of light but on the other hand rate of transpiration is very strong at strong light when sun is at the peak. Many other factors present which effect the rate of transpiration. Some of these factors are given below;</span></div> <h3> <span lang="EN-US">Temperature</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">When the temperature of surrounding increases the humidity in the air is reduced and that why due to low humidity the kinetic energy of the molecules of water are increases. By this way it is increases the rate of transpiration. The rate of transpiration is double or two time higher with every rise of 10* C in temperature. But at very higher when temperature is about 40-45* C causes closure of stomata. and at these temperature stomata closed and plant does not lose much water anymore.</span></div> <h3> <span lang="EN-US">Leaf surface area</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Transpiration also depend upon the surface area of leaf. when the surface area of leaf is large its provide more stomata and there is more transpiration</span></div> <h3> <span lang="EN-US">Air Movement</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">When the wind below it carries away the evaporated water from the leaves and it causes in the increasing in the rate of transpiration from the surfaces of mesophyll. And when air is still the rate of transpiration is reduced.</span></div> <h3> <span lang="EN-US">Air Humidity</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">when air is dry,Water vapors diffuse more quickly from the surface of mesophyll cells into the leaf air spaces and then from air spaces to outside. This increases in the rate of transpiration. When the air is humid the rate of diffusion of water vapors is reduced and the rate of transpiration is decreases. </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Significance of Transpiration </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Transpiration processes is useful as well as harmful for the plants. That’s why it is also called <b>a necessary evil. </b>It is harmful on the sense when the conditions are drought, loss of water from plant result in serious desiccation, wilting and often death.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">But on the other hand, transpiration is necessary too. It creates a pulling force called <b>Transpirational pull.</b> which is responsible for condition of water and salts from roots to the aerial parts of plant body.</span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div>

Factor Affecting the rate of Transpiration

Factor Affecting the rate of T ranspiration As you know the transpiration of plants is occurred through stomata present in the leaves...

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Blood cells & its Types-White blood cells,Red blood cells and Platelets

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbUUWluh-HlzEp3lktIaDOGlilyf0NiykHZI6NwWMtLUk7RXf61Ace3EW9SiMHee6hhByJpz9zD58iIDHAp41RDg0qlEDSYirkWxf-JdItp3iboUzMNTLfMC8QQ3T1RVgHjGeCAQ6JL8EI/s1600/blood-1813410_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Blood cells & its Types-White blood cells,Red blood cells and Platelets" border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbUUWluh-HlzEp3lktIaDOGlilyf0NiykHZI6NwWMtLUk7RXf61Ace3EW9SiMHee6hhByJpz9zD58iIDHAp41RDg0qlEDSYirkWxf-JdItp3iboUzMNTLfMC8QQ3T1RVgHjGeCAQ6JL8EI/s640/blood-1813410_1920.jpg" title="Blood cells & its Types-White blood cells,Red blood cells and Platelets" width="640" /></a></div> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></h2> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US">Blood</span></b></h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">It is a specialized body fluid (a connective tissue) that is composed of liquid called blood plasma or blood cells. The blood weight in human body is 1/12^th of our body. There is 5 liter blood in adult body. The fit person contains 55% by volume of blood, and cells or cells like bodies are about 45% by volume of blood. </span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Blood Plasma </span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Plasma is primly water which contain proteins, metabolites and wastes are dissolved. Water 90-92% of plasma and 8-10% are dissolved substances. <b>salts</b> make 0.9% of plasma, by weight. Salts of bicarbonates are present in considerable amount. <b>Proteins </b>make7-9% by weight of plasma. The important proteins are antibodies, fibrinogen and albumin etc. Blood contains digestive food, nitrogen wastes and hormones. Respiratory gases i.e. CO2 and O2 are present in plasma.</span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">Blood cells and cell-like bodies</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">These contain;</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <ul> <li>Red blood cells</li> <li>White blood cells</li> <li>platelets </li> </ul> <br /> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Red Blood cells</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">These are also called <b>Erythrocytes.</b> These are numerous of blood cells. In males a cubic millimeter of blood contains 5-5.5 million of RBCs, but in female it is 4-4.5 million of RBCs. When RBCs are formed they have nucleus but when they are mature their nucleus is lost. And after that RBC enter in the blood. About 95% of cytoplasm of RBCs is filled with hemoglobin, which transport O2 and small amount of CO2. The remaining 5% are of enzymes, salts and other proteins. RBCs contain elastic cells membranes. In embryonic, they are formed in liver and spleen. In adult, they are formed in red bone marrow of short and flat bones. Average life of RBCs is four months (120 Days).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">White Blood cells</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">These cells are colorless. WBCs are also called <b>Leukocytes. </b>These cells are migrating out into tissue fluid. One cubic millimeter contains 7000-8000 WBCs. Their life is months –years depending upon the body needs. WBCs are the defence agents in the body.</span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">Types</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <ul> <li><b><span lang="EN-US">Granulocytes</span></b></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">They have granular cytoplasm. These include <b>neutrophils </b>(destroy small particles by phagocytosis), <b>eosinophils</b> (kill parasites) and <b>basophils</b> (prevent blood clotting).</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <ul> <li><b><span lang="EN-US">Agranulocytes</span></b></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">They have clear cytoplasm and include <b>monocytes</b> (produced macrophages) and <b>B&T Lymphocytes</b> (kill germs by produce antibodies).</span></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Platelets</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">They are not cells, but are fragments of large cells of bone marrow, called <b>megakaryocytes. </b>They don’t have any nucleus and pigment. One cubic millimeter of blood contains 250000 platelets. The average life of platelets is about 7-8 days. It also helps in blood clotting. The make temporary seal at damage area of body.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/3/null" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div>

Blood cells & its Types-White blood cells,Red blood cells and Platelets

Blood It is a specialized body fluid (a connective tissue) that is composed of liquid called blood plasma or blood cells. The blood w...

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Transpiration of Plant

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB0wrGZ3miHStHxxZrLzPPn1QWnnYQIXznnWYE13oq-OOqUZ9XRSiJ3HDdIubawY1U3z6xvO5HWc3DBYqTHw1Eq0lsxw-BNVdpi95-_deTbNj-K6TIA2GNqU_cMTRg3L5hNkPMlO5Ms5Ks/s1600/water-lily-1857350_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Transpiration of Plant" border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB0wrGZ3miHStHxxZrLzPPn1QWnnYQIXznnWYE13oq-OOqUZ9XRSiJ3HDdIubawY1U3z6xvO5HWc3DBYqTHw1Eq0lsxw-BNVdpi95-_deTbNj-K6TIA2GNqU_cMTRg3L5hNkPMlO5Ms5Ks/s640/water-lily-1857350_1920.jpg" title="Transpiration of Plant" width="640" /></a></div> <h2> <span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></h2> <h2> <span lang="EN-US">Transpiration</span></h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">The loss of water from the surface of plant through evaporation process. This loss of water is occurring through these things;</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-RvpZM0Wj_3KH47pUiUjPd9t4Lpc4dJ_dol3HAs_7VGoWfTA8dXsdBhxqy_LhrwNW7HGd_v6BfMGcFUSagvb4v7OiH8pn1FW7iQn90C4idtpPesFcpsa9lO_9YtpAc7s2g55Su6XzoEHY/s1600/20180711_080745.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1139" data-original-width="1600" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-RvpZM0Wj_3KH47pUiUjPd9t4Lpc4dJ_dol3HAs_7VGoWfTA8dXsdBhxqy_LhrwNW7HGd_v6BfMGcFUSagvb4v7OiH8pn1FW7iQn90C4idtpPesFcpsa9lO_9YtpAc7s2g55Su6XzoEHY/s320/20180711_080745.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <ol> <li>Through stomata</li> <li>Through the cuticle present</li> <li>Through special openings called lenticels</li> </ol> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">The stomata are present in the leaves of plants. The cuticle present in the epidermis of leaf and lenticels are present in stems of some plants.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Most of the transpiration occur through stomata and is called stomatal transpiration. The cells which provide large surface area for the evaporation of water is called mesophyll cells. From here water diffuse into the air space through stomata and then pass to the outside air and maintain the temperature. It is estimated that 90% of water that enter a plant is lost via transpiration.</span></div> <h3> <span lang="EN-US">Opening and closing of stomata</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Some plants open their stomata during night when overall water stress is low. But most plant keep their stomata open at day time and close them at night. Through guard cells stomata regulate the transpiration. Through each other there are 2 guard cells of a stoma are attached at the end. When there are exes in water in the guard cells their shape is like the bean. And stomata become opens. When guard cells loss all the water and become flaccid, their inner sides touch each other and stomata closes. The concentration of solutes(glucose) in guard cells is responsible for opening and closing of stomata. Now last few years it is studies that light causes the movement of potassium ions from epidermal cells into guard cells, water follows these ions and enter into the guard cells. Thus their turgidity increases and stomata opens. As the day passed, guard cells make glucose i.e. become hypertonic.so water stay in them. At the end of the day, potassium ions flow back from guard cells to epidermal and the concentration of glucose also fall. Due to this water moves to epidermal cells and guard cells losses turgor. It causes the closure of stomata. On the other hand, in some plant this process is inversely proceed that’s why their stomata closed at day time and open at night.  </span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div>

Transpiration of Plant

Transpiration The loss of water from the surface of plant through evaporation process. This loss of water is occurring through thes...

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Transportation of Food and Water

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLuRkpwWXSO8oOFKcnbMycxUYbi22hae5W_EFRbujevj94SyJ-psuZZA90lCwggsC0Dlwz6smDdQKwAZBE4UmR8QFJVjnkhzjCE_XD2GdmeyRc63L5sLhGzcrZ5ffz7J59LNQrnRV-GHNA/s1600/agriculture-1807497_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Transportation of Food and Water " border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1600" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLuRkpwWXSO8oOFKcnbMycxUYbi22hae5W_EFRbujevj94SyJ-psuZZA90lCwggsC0Dlwz6smDdQKwAZBE4UmR8QFJVjnkhzjCE_XD2GdmeyRc63L5sLhGzcrZ5ffz7J59LNQrnRV-GHNA/s640/agriculture-1807497_1920.jpg" title="Transportation of Food and Water " width="640" /></a></div> <h2> </h2> <h2> <b><span lang="EN-US">Transportation in plants</span></b></h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Transportation means the movement, movement of anything. But here we are describing the movement in the plant body. Ether the movement of food or movement of water in the plant body. First of all, we describe here the transport of water in plant.</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFcJ4MTOGEzyosYBdphUBtoAApAH13UH02qaIvNePXARjimNoAs0B8YdB0R9cptqMrBUfPmq2yd88xkAL7E0M-X4SJ8uYtwbaY7EEAKLHj-xMF7bXyweAf2afPj15SbVgIitcDrkOalEra/s1600/20180711_080023.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="813" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFcJ4MTOGEzyosYBdphUBtoAApAH13UH02qaIvNePXARjimNoAs0B8YdB0R9cptqMrBUfPmq2yd88xkAL7E0M-X4SJ8uYtwbaY7EEAKLHj-xMF7bXyweAf2afPj15SbVgIitcDrkOalEra/s320/20180711_080023.jpg" width="162" /></a></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></h3> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Transport of Water</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">For many years ago in botany, it has been studies, the process by which water raised to considerable height in plants. The result of this research is <b>“cohesion-tension theory”.</b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">According to this theory, the force which carries water and dissolved many useful materials for plant goes upward through xylem is Transpirational pull. This process creates a pressure difference that pull water and salts & minerals up from roots. when the leaf losses water, the concentration of water of its mesophyll cells drops. This drop causes pressure difference and water moves upward by osmosis from the xylem of leaf into mesophyll cells. When one molecule of water moves up in the xylem of leaf, it creates a pulling force that continues all the way to root. This force of water is called Transpirational pull. It causes water to move transversely from root epidermis to cortex and pericycle. </span></div> <h4> <b><span lang="EN-US">Reason of creational Transpirational pull</span></b></h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <ol> <li>Water is held in tube(xylem) that has small diameter</li> <li>Water molecule adhere to the wall of xylem tube (adhesion)</li> <li><a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/3/null" name="_GoBack"><span lang="EN-US">Water molecule cohere to each other (cohesion)</span></a></li> </ol> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8eb1cY0SCIuWYK0JmwClZWHO_Nej2wit_imOBfPjjpfsDQzdEHC2bncVmEZklHzmTkM5A8H4uOs6vYrdwbP-MhcoI34QLRhyCO0sdhQaZR7cVwIGp6ICxOKzKfhA-aoETAA5pLhyphenhyphenjCX07/s1600/20180711_080117.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1052" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8eb1cY0SCIuWYK0JmwClZWHO_Nej2wit_imOBfPjjpfsDQzdEHC2bncVmEZklHzmTkM5A8H4uOs6vYrdwbP-MhcoI34QLRhyCO0sdhQaZR7cVwIGp6ICxOKzKfhA-aoETAA5pLhyphenhyphenjCX07/s320/20180711_080117.jpg" width="210" /></a></div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></h3> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Transportation of Food </span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">In transportation of food phloem is responsible throughout the plant body. that’s why it is called <b>“food street”</b> of plant. The glucose formed during the photosynthesis in mesophyll cells is used in respiration and excess of it is converted into sucrose. In most plat food is transport into sucrose form. <b>“Pressure-flow mechanism</b>” hypotheses describe the transportation of food in plants in pressure flow mechanism, food moved from sources to sinks. Sources including the exporting organs, typical mature leaf or storage organ. Sinks are the area of active metabolisms e.g. roots, developing fruits.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span lang="EN-US">At source</span></b><span lang="EN-US">, food(sugar) is moved by active transport into sieve tubes of phloem. Due to pressure of sugar in sieve tubes, their solute concentration increases and water enter them from xylem (via osmosis). This result in higher pressure of water in these tubes, which drive the solution of food toward sink.</span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span lang="EN-US">At sink</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> end, food is unloaded by active transport. Water also exits from the sieve tubes. The exit of water decrease pressure in sieve tubes, which causes a mass flow from the higher pressure at the source to the now lowered pressure at the sink.</span></div>

Transportation of Food and Water

Transportation in plants Transportation means the movement, movement of anything. But here we are describing the movement in the plan...

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Human Digestive System

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9KVjufu3ld0G-nQZrQ99mG8qweyT3Qaj6bOhX0LKnS14MdDd_TjoIzzRVEwBHyVxQU0lVzeRNIwDDXpxn-lXpG1jgsfxiU_peW-qzjACVqQUsThSxVcP6r79RgkAmGCvminQwhPAzmL1S/s1600/digestive-41529_1280.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Human Digestive System" border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="893" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9KVjufu3ld0G-nQZrQ99mG8qweyT3Qaj6bOhX0LKnS14MdDd_TjoIzzRVEwBHyVxQU0lVzeRNIwDDXpxn-lXpG1jgsfxiU_peW-qzjACVqQUsThSxVcP6r79RgkAmGCvminQwhPAzmL1S/s640/digestive-41529_1280.png" title="Human Digestive System" width="446" /></a></div> <h2 style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></h2> <h2 style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US">DIGESTIVE SYSTEM</span></h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">It is the group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients and other things which is important for the human body and provide energy to the entire human body. Food passes through the long tube inside the human body known as alimentary canal or GI track (Gastrointestinal tract). Thealimentary canal consists of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. In addition, there are several parts of body which help the body in digestion of food.</span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <h3 style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Organs</span></span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <h3> <span lang="EN-US">Oral Cavity</span></h3> <h4> <ul> <li>Teeth</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function:  Mastication (cutting and grinding of food) & communication.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion:  None.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li>Lips and cheeks</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Manipulation of food; hold food in position between the teeth; communication.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: saliva from buccal glands(mucus only).</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li>Tongue</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Manipulation of food; hold food in position between the teeth; cleansing teeth; taste.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: Some mucus; small amount of serous fluid.</span></div> <h3> <span lang="EN-US">Salivary Glands</span></h3> <h4> <ul> <li>Parotid gland</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function Secretion of saliva through ducts to posterior portions of oral cavity.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: Saliva with amylase.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li>Submandibular glands</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Secretion of saliva in floor of oral cavity.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: Saliva with amylase& mucus.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li>Sublingual Glands: Saliva with mucus only.</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Secretion of saliva in floor of oral cavity.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: Saliva with mucus only.</span></div> <h3> <span lang="EN-US">Pharynx</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: swallowing.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: some mucus.</span></div> <h3> <span lang="EN-US">Esophagus</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Movement of food by peristalsis from pharynx to stomach.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: Mucus.</span></div> <h3> <span lang="EN-US">Stomach</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Mechanical mixing of food; enzymatic digestion; absorption; storage.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li>Mucous cells</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Protection of stomach wall by mucus production.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: Mucus.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li>Parietal cells</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Decrease in stomach PH.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: HCl (Hydrochloric acid).</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li>Zymogen cells</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Protein digestion.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: Pepsinogen.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li>Endocrine cells</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Regulation of secretion and motility.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: Gastrin.</span></div> <h3> <span lang="EN-US">Small intestine</span></h3> <h4> <ul> <li>Goblet cell</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Protection</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: Mucus</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li>Endocrine cell</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Regulation of secretion and motility.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: Lipase, Gastrin, Lactase, secretin.</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li>Duodenal glands</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: protection</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: Mucus</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li>Absorptive cells</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Secretion of digestive enzymes and absorption of digestive materials.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: Maltase, peptidases, amylase and Enterokinase.</span></div> <h3> <span lang="EN-US">Large intestine</span></h3> <h4> <ul> <li>Goblet cells</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Food movement, storage, Absorption and storage. </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: Mucus.</span></div> <h3> <span lang="EN-US">Accessory Glands</span></h3> <h4> <ul> <li>Liver</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Secretion of bile into duodenum</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: Bile</span></div> <h4> <ul> <li>Gall bladder</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Bile storage; electrolytes to concentrate bile and absorb water.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion:No secretion of its own, stores and concentrates bile. </span></div> <h4> <ul> <li>Pancreas</li> </ul> </h4> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: Enzymes and bicarbonate ions into duodenum.</span></div> <h3> <span lang="EN-US">Anus</span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Function: The hole through which all the waste thrown out.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Secretion: It secrets all the waste material of food.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div>

Human Digestive System

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM It is the group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients and other things which is...

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Tobacco Smoking facts & effects

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu8r7tyA0HQOJBfdFH2gfZtdwYpXy23EQlbT6nZ_h0vvfxOUEZdWpS89NEoLyZcwnM-IiG99wvu6HhAmBk5wWihmEk8o6_thDfyfVV01aFnt5Ps3-TUDkxgEJ6EGpC-mZ5KZ6iVR5wl3Em/s1600/e-cigarette-1301670_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tobacco Smoking facts & effects" border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu8r7tyA0HQOJBfdFH2gfZtdwYpXy23EQlbT6nZ_h0vvfxOUEZdWpS89NEoLyZcwnM-IiG99wvu6HhAmBk5wWihmEk8o6_thDfyfVV01aFnt5Ps3-TUDkxgEJ6EGpC-mZ5KZ6iVR5wl3Em/s640/e-cigarette-1301670_1920.jpg" title="Tobacco Smoking facts & effects" width="640" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div> <h2 style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"> SMOKING</span></h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Tobacco smoke</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US"> contains over 4,000 chemicals, of which mor</span>e than 70 are known to cause, initiate or promote cancer are called<b> carcinogens</b>. Smoking cigarettes causes many types of cancers. </div> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">How a person become a smoker?</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <ol> <li>Lack of education is a reason when a person or a student does not know about smoking and their side effects on the human life.</li> <li>When a person is under the social pressure or in tension of family specially when its financial power is low then he became in tension or under pressure and that’s why he become a smoker.</li> <li>Some peoples become a smoker for their fashion upgrade their standard. They think this is a fashion but those people donot know how much smoking is injurious for their health. </li> <li>When the smoking is cheap in price then more and more people become smokers.</li> <li>Bad communities are the big reason in the increasing in the smokers.</li> <li>No strictness by the Government increase in smokers.</li> <li>Now these days’ cigarettes are easy available in schools and college and mostly in university.</li> </ol> <br /> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">How to get rid of smoking?</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <ul> <li>First of all, you think about your family think if you become expired the after that how your family live without you.</li> <li>Always be cool and away from external pressure or tension.</li> <li>Don’t think about the past days of smoking and never think about smoking.</li> <li>Look forward about your life and your family.</li> <li>Think about your financial power that how much money you waste on smoking instead of using these moneys on family.</li> <li>Let you use some other think instead of smoking cigarettes such as bubble gums and almond etc.</li> <li>Keep away cigarettes from yourself and your family.</li> </ul> <br /> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Top deadly diseases smoking causes</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <ul> <li>Lung cancer</li> <li>Heart diseases</li> <li>Stroke</li> <li>Asthma</li> <li>Reproductive effects in women</li> <li>Premature, low birth-weight babies</li> <li>Diabetes</li> <li>Blindness, Age-related macular degeneration and Cataracts</li> <li>Over 15 types of cancers</li> </ul> <br /> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Being smoke free can prevent 15 types of cancer</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US">Chemicals in cigarettes smoke enter into blood stream and can then affect the entire body. This is why smoking causes many diseases including these 15 types of cancers</span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuWSbxvl0634kRUGw4zzwgrfD2ei-kcyvs7KahBXnKlrZqRvGxaEJLUWLGISV5uxJSuObuGmkjdnjTt2fEodrdtW9pzB0SU4Wp8dWu9PFrVKjQ448acmX_LSMjbxzhVI2k30d94wfVf81h/s1600/20180709_112217.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="971" data-original-width="1040" height="595" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuWSbxvl0634kRUGw4zzwgrfD2ei-kcyvs7KahBXnKlrZqRvGxaEJLUWLGISV5uxJSuObuGmkjdnjTt2fEodrdtW9pzB0SU4Wp8dWu9PFrVKjQ448acmX_LSMjbxzhVI2k30d94wfVf81h/s640/20180709_112217.png" width="640" /></a></div> <span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <ol> <li>Nose and sinuses cancer</li> <li>Mouth cancer</li> <li>Upper throat cancer</li> <li>Larynx cancer</li> <li>Oesophagus cancer</li> <li>Lungs cancer</li> <li>Liver cancer</li> <li>Stomach cancer</li> <li>Kidney cancer</li> <li>Pancreas cancer</li> <li>Bowel cancer</li> <li>Ovary cancer</li> <li>Bladder cancer</li> <li>Cervix cancer</li> <li>Leukaemia cancer</li> </ol> <br /> <h3> <b><span lang="EN-US">Cigarettes contain danger poisons</span></b></h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <ul> <li>Acetone</li> <li>Cyanhydric acid</li> <li>Naphtylamine</li> <li>Ammoniac</li> <li>Methanol</li> <li>Urethane</li> <li>Pyrene</li> <li>Toluene</li> <li>Naphthalene</li> <li>Nicotine</li> <li>Cadmium</li> <li>Carbon monoxide</li> <li>Vinyl chloride</li> <li>DDT</li> <li>Polonium 210</li> <li>Arsenic</li> </ul> <br />

Tobacco Smoking facts & effects

 SMOKING Tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals, of which mor e than 70 are known to cause, initiate or promote cancer are call...

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Guava tree growing tips and care

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbUzawbuHgAKQY6y7TdJnz-uqTzn__If8FvBLbAsqnIC-41g045uQjahW1UAmhMx_KwrWX-KX4DWnmsfTYgfQX95Y23hnjiU1py1rpYDmpaC2KAW5mEzBPi1LyVhCOOozXFmB9oEGASD_j/s1600/guava-336958_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Guava tree growing tips and care" border="0" data-original-height="1115" data-original-width="1600" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbUzawbuHgAKQY6y7TdJnz-uqTzn__If8FvBLbAsqnIC-41g045uQjahW1UAmhMx_KwrWX-KX4DWnmsfTYgfQX95Y23hnjiU1py1rpYDmpaC2KAW5mEzBPi1LyVhCOOozXFmB9oEGASD_j/s640/guava-336958_1920.jpg" title="Guava tree growing tips and care" width="640" /></a></div> <h2> </h2> <h2> Guava</h2> <div class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> It is a fruiting tree present in the tropical and sub-tropical region specially it is a native tree in central America, south America and Mexico.<o:p></o:p></div> <h3> Tips & Care</h3> <div class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <br /> <br /> <ol> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">        </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">First of all, we can plant the guava plant in the pot as well in the backyard garden .it is very beautiful plant for the garden.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">About the pot we can plant the guava plant in the 12 inch pot it will give us fruit but it is better to plant it in the pot of 22-28 inch pot it will give us very impressive result.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">The guava plant start fruiting after one year even in the pot</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">Keep in mind that if your plant is in the pot then put the tray under the pot and fill it with water it will fulfill the requirement of water specially in summer season.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">Due to summer the colour of the leaves of guava plant become dull so don’t worry about it.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">We can be propagate the guava plant through cutting but cannot gives you better result specially in Pakistan and India where the temperature touch the 50 Degree.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">The air layering and the seedling these are the two best method for the propagation of guava plant.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">Pruning is very important for the fruit tree it keep your plant healthy.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">Notice that before fruiting season drop all the leaves of plant then through their new shoots grow and new shoots gives us maximum fruit</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">The fruiting season of guava plant is two time in a year that is march and September.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">When you grow the guava plant in the pot then the ratio of the soil is 1:3 its mean three-part soil and one-part natural fertilizer.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">You can also use peat moss, coco peat and other rooting substrate.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> If you think that your plant cannot give you maximum fruit or growth rate of your guava plant is slow then you can put the natural fertilizer in the pot.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">If you want to change the variety of your guava plant, then budding is best way to change the variety of you plant specially patch budding.</span></li> </ol> <ul> <li><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><br /></span></li> </ul> <!--[if !supportLists]--><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; 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Guava tree growing tips and care

Guava It is a fruiting tree present in the tropical and sub-tropical region specially it is a native tree in central America, sou...

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